A key generator (key-gen) is a computer program that generates a product licensing key, such as a serial number, necessary to activate for use of a software application. Keygens may be legitimately distributed by software manufacturers for licensing software in commercial environments where software has been licensed in bulk for an entire site or enterprise, or they may be distributed illegitimately in circumstances of copyright infringement or software piracy. Illegitimate key generators are typically distributed by software crackers in the warez scene and demoscene. These keygens often play 'Keygen music', which may include the genres dubstep or chiptunes[1] in the background and have artistic user interfaces.

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Software licensing[edit]

A software license is a legal instrument that governs the usage and distribution of computer software.[2] Often, such licenses are enforced by implementing in the software a product activation or digital rights management (DRM) mechanism,[3] seeking to prevent unauthorized use of the software by issuing a code sequence that must be entered into the application when prompted or stored in its configuration.[better source needed]

Key verification[edit]

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Many programs attempt to verify or validate licensing keys over the Internet by establishing a session with a licensing application of the software publisher. Advanced keygens bypass this mechanism, and include additional features for key verification, for example by generating the validation data which would otherwise be returned by an activation server. If the software offers phone activation then the keygen could generate the correct activation code to finish activation. Another method that has been used is activation server emulation, which patches the program memory to 'see' the keygen as the de facto activation server.

Multi-keygen[edit]

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A multi-keygen is a keygen that offers key generation for multiple software applications. Multi-keygens are sometimes released over singular keygens if a series of products requires the same algorithm for generating product keys. In this case, only a single value encoded within the key has to be changed in order to target a different product.

Authors and distribution[edit]

Unauthorised keygens that typically violate software licensing terms are written by programmers who engage in reverse engineering and software cracking, often called crackers, to circumvent copy protection of software or digital rights management for multimedia.

Keygens are available for download on warez sites or through peer-to-peer (P2P) networks.

Malware keygens[edit]

Many unauthorised keygens, available through P2P networks or otherwise, contain malicious payloads.[4] These key generators may or may not generate a valid key, but the embedded malware loaded invisibly at the same time may, for example, be a version of CryptoLocker (ransomware).[5][6]

Antivirus software may discover malware embedded in keygens; such software often also identifies unauthorised keygens which do not contain a payload as potentially unwanted software, often labelling them with a name such as Win32/Keygen or Win32/Gendows.[4]

Keychan[edit]

A key changer or keychan is a variation of a keygen. A keychan is a small piece of software that changes the license key or serial number of a particular piece of proprietary software installed on a computer.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Driscoll et. Diaz, Kevin et. Joshua. 'Endless loop: A brief history of chiptunes'. Transformative Works and Cultures. Transformative Works and Cultures. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  2. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20110514103947/http://knol.google.com/k/jon-gillespie-brown/what-is-software-licensing/3v64x901bjfe2/2%23 What is Software licensing?
  3. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20111121001926/http://knol.google.com/k/why-product-activation-for-software-is-becoming-widespread%23
  4. ^ abMicrosoft Security Intelligence Report Volume 13, p14
  5. ^'Cryptolocker 2.0 – new version, or copycat?'. WeLiveSecurity. ESET. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  6. ^'New CryptoLocker Spreads via Removable Drives'. Trend Micro. Retrieved 18 January 2014.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keygen&oldid=936926749'

[ aws . kms ]

Description¶

Generates a unique symmetric data key. This operation returns a plaintext copy of the data key and a copy that is encrypted under a customer master key (CMK) that you specify. You can use the plaintext key to encrypt your data outside of AWS KMS and store the encrypted data key with the encrypted data.

GenerateDataKey returns a unique data key for each request. The bytes in the key are not related to the caller or CMK that is used to encrypt the data key.

To generate a data key, specify the symmetric CMK that will be used to encrypt the data key. You cannot use an asymmetric CMK to generate data keys. To get the type of your CMK, use the DescribeKey operation.

You must also specify the length of the data key. Use either the KeySpec or NumberOfBytes parameters (but not both). For 128-bit and 256-bit data keys, use the KeySpec parameter.

If the operation succeeds, the plaintext copy of the data key is in the Plaintext field of the response, and the encrypted copy of the data key in the CiphertextBlob field.

To get only an encrypted copy of the data key, use GenerateDataKeyWithoutPlaintext . To generate an asymmetric data key pair, use the GenerateDataKeyPair or GenerateDataKeyPairWithoutPlaintext operation. To get a cryptographically secure random byte string, use GenerateRandom .

You can use the optional encryption context to add additional security to the encryption operation. If you specify an EncryptionContext , you must specify the same encryption context (a case-sensitive exact match) when decrypting the encrypted data key. Otherwise, the request to decrypt fails with an InvalidCiphertextException. For more information, see Encryption Context in the AWS Key Management Service Developer Guide .

The CMK that you use for this operation must be in a compatible key state. For details, see How Key State Affects Use of a Customer Master Key in the AWS Key Management Service Developer Guide .

We recommend that you use the following pattern to encrypt data locally in your application:

  • Use the GenerateDataKey operation to get a data encryption key.
  • Use the plaintext data key (returned in the Plaintext field of the response) to encrypt data locally, then erase the plaintext data key from memory.
  • Store the encrypted data key (returned in the CiphertextBlob field of the response) alongside the locally encrypted data.

To decrypt data locally:

  • Use the Decrypt operation to decrypt the encrypted data key. The operation returns a plaintext copy of the data key.
  • Use the plaintext data key to decrypt data locally, then erase the plaintext data key from memory.

See also: AWS API Documentation

See 'aws help' for descriptions of global parameters.

Synopsis¶

Data Key Entry

Options¶

--key-id (string)

Identifies the symmetric CMK that encrypts the data key.

To specify a CMK, use its key ID, Amazon Resource Name (ARN), alias name, or alias ARN. When using an alias name, prefix it with 'alias/' . To specify a CMK in a different AWS account, you must use the key ARN or alias ARN.

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For example:

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  • Key ID: 1234abcd-12ab-34cd-56ef-1234567890ab
  • Key ARN: arn:aws:kms:us-east-2:111122223333:key/1234abcd-12ab-34cd-56ef-1234567890ab
  • Alias name: alias/ExampleAlias
  • Alias ARN: arn:aws:kms:us-east-2:111122223333:alias/ExampleAlias

To get the key ID and key ARN for a CMK, use ListKeys or DescribeKey . To get the alias name and alias ARN, use ListAliases .

--encryption-context (map)

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Specifies the encryption context that will be used when encrypting the data key.

An encryption context is a collection of non-secret key-value pairs that represents additional authenticated data. When you use an encryption context to encrypt data, you must specify the same (an exact case-sensitive match) encryption context to decrypt the data. An encryption context is optional when encrypting with a symmetric CMK, but it is highly recommended.

For more information, see Encryption Context in the AWS Key Management Service Developer Guide .

Shorthand Syntax:

JSON Syntax:

--number-of-bytes (integer)

Specifies the length of the data key in bytes. For example, use the value 64 to generate a 512-bit data key (64 bytes is 512 bits). For 128-bit (16-byte) and 256-bit (32-byte) data keys, use the KeySpec parameter.

You must specify either the KeySpec or the NumberOfBytes parameter (but not both) in every GenerateDataKey request.

--key-spec (string)

Specifies the length of the data key. Use AES_128 to generate a 128-bit symmetric key, or AES_256 to generate a 256-bit symmetric key.

You must specify either the KeySpec or the NumberOfBytes parameter (but not both) in every GenerateDataKey request.

Possible values:

  • AES_256
  • AES_128

--grant-tokens (list)

A list of grant tokens.

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For more information, see Grant Tokens in the AWS Key Management Service Developer Guide .

Syntax:

--cli-input-json (string)Performs service operation based on the JSON string provided. The JSON string follows the format provided by --generate-cli-skeleton. If other arguments are provided on the command line, the CLI values will override the JSON-provided values. It is not possible to pass arbitrary binary values using a JSON-provided value as the string will be taken literally.

--generate-cli-skeleton (string)Prints a JSON skeleton to standard output without sending an API request. If provided with no value or the value input, prints a sample input JSON that can be used as an argument for --cli-input-json. If provided with the value output, it validates the command inputs and returns a sample output JSON for that command.

See 'aws help' for descriptions of global parameters.

Output¶

CiphertextBlob -> (blob)

The encrypted copy of the data key. When you use the HTTP API or the AWS CLI, the value is Base64-encoded. Otherwise, it is not Base64-encoded.

Plaintext -> (blob)

The plaintext data key. When you use the HTTP API or the AWS CLI, the value is Base64-encoded. Otherwise, it is not Base64-encoded. Use this data key to encrypt your data outside of KMS. Then, remove it from memory as soon as possible.

KeyId -> (string)

The identifier of the CMK that encrypted the data key.